Development of a Cadaveric Shoulder Motion Simulator with Open-Loop Iterative Learning for Dynamic, Multiplanar Motion: A Preliminary Study

Ex vivo shoulder motion simulators are commonly used to study biomechanics but often limited performing simple planar motions at quasi-static speeds using control architectures that do not allow muscles be deactivated. The purpose of this was develop an open-loop tendon excursion controller with iterative learning and independent muscle simulate complex multiplanar functional for deactivation. simulator performed abduction/adduction, faceted circumduction, abduction/adduction (subscapularis deactivation) a cadaveric implanted reverse total prosthesis. Kinematic tracking accuracy repeatability were assessed maximum absolute error (MAE), root mean square (RMSE), average standard deviation (ASD). During the RMSE did exceed 0.3, 0.7, 0.8 degrees elevation, plane axial rotation, respectively. ASD 0.2 degrees. Abduction/adduction resulted in loss internal which could restored low elevation angles. This presents novel architecture, can accurately glenohumeral motion. will as testing platform examine effect pathology, treatment, rehabilitation on joint during movements.